The petroleum industry has successfully extracted a large proportion of the “easy to get” oil and gas. Large resources are still present in environments in which exploration, appraisal and production are difficult and where conventional technologies are inadequate (e.g. ultra high pressure high temperature (HPHT) reservoirs, subsalt, polar regions).  Hydrocarbons are predicted to remain part of the energy mix during the transition to low carbon/net zero, a process that will likely take years if it is to be managed fairly for all communities across the world.  It is vital that continued supply of these fuel sources is undertaken using technologies that mitigate adverse affects on the planet’s climate.